Pendekatan Teoritis Keperawatan untuk Manajemen Nyeri Persalinan Kala I

Abstract

First-stage labor pain is a significant challenge in maternity nursing care because it is multidimensional and can increase stress, prolong labor, and reduce maternal comfort if not optimally managed. A nursing theory approach is an important basis for safe, holistic, and appropriate non-pharmacological interventions for the mother. This study aims to illustrate the urgency of effective pain management, identify nursing theories used in non-pharmacological interventions, and analyze their effectiveness and existing research gaps. This study is a literature review, with articles searched through PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, ProQuest, CINAHL, Google Scholar, and Garuda based on publications from 2019–2024. A total of 15 articles met the criteria and were analyzed thematically. The review results indicate that frequently used theories include Gate Control, Comfort Kolcaba, Adaptation Roy, Self-care Orem, Caring Watson, and Transcultural Leininger. Various non-pharmacological interventions such as massage, acupressure, cold compresses, hydrotherapy, aromatherapy, music therapy, guided imagery, breathing techniques, progressive muscle relaxation, the use of birth balls, and partner support have been shown to help reduce pain, reduce anxiety, and increase maternal comfort and satisfaction. However, most research focuses on short-term effects and has not evaluated the application of nursing theory in the context of clinical practice. This study concluded that non-pharmacological interventions based on nursing theory are consistently effective in reducing first-stage labor pain and increasing maternal comfort.

Keywords: labor pain; nursing theory; non-pharmacological interventions; maternity nursing care

ABSTRAK

Nyeri persalinan kala I merupakan tantangan penting dalam asuhan keperawatan maternitas karena bersifat multidimensional dan dapat meningkatkan stres, memperpanjang kala persalinan, serta menurunkan kenyamanan ibu bila tidak ditangani secara optimal. Pendekatan teori keperawatan menjadi dasar penting bagi intervensi nonfarmakologis yang aman, holistik, dan sesuai kebutuhan ibu. Studi ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan urgensi manajemen nyeri yang efektif, mengidentifikasi teori keperawatan yang digunakan dalam intervensi nonfarmakologis, serta menganalisis efektivitas dan kesenjangan penelitian yang ada. Studi ini merupakan tinjauan literatur, dengan pencarian artikel melalui PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, ProQuest, CINAHL, Google Scholar, dan Garuda berdasarkan publikasi tahun 2019–2024. Sebanyak 15 artikel memenuhi kriteria dan dianalisis secara tematik. Hasil review menunjukkan bahwa teori yang sering digunakan meliputi Gate Control, Comfort Kolcaba, Adaptasi Roy, Self-care Orem, Caring Watson, dan Transcultural Leininger. Berbagai intervensi nonfarmakologis seperti pijat, akupresur, kompres dingin, hidroterapi, aromaterapi, terapi musik, guided imagery, teknik pernapasan, relaksasi otot progresif, penggunaan birth ball, dan dukungan pasangan terbukti membantu menurunkan nyeri, mengurangi kecemasan, serta meningkatkan kenyamanan dan kepuasan ibu. Namun, sebagian besar penelitian masih berfokus pada efek jangka pendek dan belum banyak mengevaluasi penerapan teori keperawatan dalam konteks praktik klinis. Studi ini menyimpulkan bahwa intervensi nonfarmakologis berbasis teori keperawatan secara konsisten efektif dalam menurunkan nyeri persalinan kala I dan meningkatkan kenyamanan ibu.

Kata kunci: nyeri persalinan; teori keperawatan; intervensi nonfarmakologis; asuhan keperawatan maternitas