Pengaruh Lockdown dan Pembatasan Aktivitas Selama Pandemi COVID-19 Terhadap Polusi Udara di Asia

Abstract

COVID-19 was first detected in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. The spread of COVID-19 infection continues to increase in China and in a short time spread to various countries with a high number of cases. Various strategies have been carried out to prevent an increase in cases, one of the ways being implemented is locking or limiting community activities. As a result of the implementation of this lockdown or activity restriction, it is reported that air quality has improved in various areas due to reduced industrial and transportation activities. Chinese people are able to reduce their level of travel or activity during the lockdown. During the implementation of the lockdown, the concentration of air pollutants such as SO2, PM2,5, PM10, NO2 and CO decreased in China. The implementation of the lockdown has also been able to reduce air pollution in India's major cities by up to 50%. In addition, the lockdown in Pakistan has also had an impact on air quality. It is known that the AQI (Air Quality Index) level is in the good to moderate category, during the lockdown period. NO and SO2 also decreased in concentration. The same thing does not happen in Indonesia. The existence of Large-Scale Social Restrictions (PSBB), can reduce the density of HCHO, NO2, and SO2 in March, but this decrease does not show a significant difference between before and after the implementation of PSBB, because community activities also did not decrease significantly. The implementation of lockdown or activity restrictions to reduce the spread of COVID-19 cases has been able to reduce air pollution in several countries in Asia. Lockdowns and activity restrictions can reduce industrial activities and transportation movements so that the resulting air pollution can also be reduced.
Keywords: COVID-19; lockdown; air pollution; air quality; Asia

ABSTRAK

COVID-19 pertama kali terdeteksi pada Desember 2019 di Wuhan, Cina. Penyebaran infeksi COVID-19 terus meningkat di Cina dan dalam waktu singkat menyebar ke berbagai negara dengan jumlah kasus yang tinggi. Berbagai strategi telah dilakukan untuk mencegah peningkatan kasus, salah satu cara yang diterapkan yaitu lockdown atau membatasi aktivitas masyarakat. Akibat penerapan lockdown atau pembatasan aktivitas ini, dilaporkan terjadi peningkatan kualitas udara di berbagai wilayah karena berkurangnya kegiatan industri dan transportasi. Masyarakat Cina mampu mengurangi tingkat perjalanan atau aktivitasnya selama penerapan lockdown. Selama diterapkannya lockdown, konsentrasi pencemar udara seperti SO2, PM2.5, PM10, NO2 dan CO menurun di Cina. Penerapan lockdown juga mampu mengurangi polusi udara di kota-kota besar India hingga 50%. Selain itu, lockdown di Pakistan juga memberikan dampak terhadap kualitas udara. Diketahui bahwa level AQI (Air Quality Index) dalam kategori baik sampai dengan sedang, selama masa lockdown. NO dan SO2 juga mengalami penurunan konsentrasi. Hal yang sama tidak terjadi di Indonesia. Adanya Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar (PSBB), dapat menurunkan densitas HCHO, NO2, dan SO2 pada bulan Maret, tetapi penurunan ini tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan antara sebelum dan susudah diterapkannya PSBB, karena aktivitas masyarakat juga tidak berkurang secara signifikan. Penerapan lockdown atau pembatasan aktivitas untuk mengurangi penyebaran kasus COVID-19 mampu menurunkan polusi udara di beberapa negara di Asia. Lockdown dan pembatasan aktivitas dapat menurunkan kegiatan industri dan pergerakan transportasi sehingga polusi udara yang dihasilkan juga dapat berkurang.
Kata kunci: COVID-19; lockdown; polusi udara; kualitas udara; Asia