Pendidikan Perawatan Kaki dalam Pencegahan Ulkus Kaki Diabetikum

Abstract

Prevention of diabetic ulcers is one of the chronic complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus which is characterized by infection, ulceration, and/or damage to the deepest skin tissue of the feet in sufferers, due to neurological abnormalities and peripheral vascular disorders. The aim of this research was to obtain an overview of methods and strategic interventions for educational foot care to prevent diabetic foot ulcers. This study was a systematic review prepared based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes. The databases used in this research were Google Scholar, ProQuest and PubMed, from 2018 to 2023. The keywords used were "Education" AND "Foot Care" AND "Diabetic Ulcer Prevention". This systematic review used 10 articles that met the inclusion criteria. The results of the review include the method of education delivery, duration and follow-up, the team involved, and the effectiveness of the educational intervention. The targets for providing educational interventions were individuals, families and groups. The method of providing education was face-to-face in clinics, hospitals, or at home, by telephone and via Android applications. Foot care education interventions effectively increase foot care knowledge, foot care self-efficacy, foot care behavior, glycemic control, reduce skin and nail problems, improve diabetic foot, reduce the incidence of DFU, and improve quality of life. Ulcer/amputation events are less likely to identify clinical improvements which is significant. Furthermore, it was concluded that foot care education for individuals, families and groups using various methods can increase knowledge and efficacy of foot care, reduce the incidence of foot injuries, improve glycemic control and improve blood pressure, increase foot sensitivity and improve quality of life.

Keywords: diabetic ulcer; foot care; education

ABSTRAK

Pencegahan ulkus diabetikum merupakan salah satu komplikasi kronik dari diabetes mellitus tipe 2 yang ditandai dengan infeksi, ulserasi, dan/atau kerusakan jaringan kulit terdalam kaki pada penderita, akibat kelainan neurologis dan gangguan pembuluh darah perifer. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendapatkan gambaran tentang metode dan intervensi strategis perawatan kaki edukasi pencegahan ulkus kaki diabetik. Studi ini merupakan systematic review yang disusun berdasarkan Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes. Database yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Google Scholar, ProQuest dan PubMed, dari 2018 hingga 2023. Kata kunci yang digunakan adalah “Edukasi” AND “Perawatan Kaki” AND “Pencegahan Ulkus Diabetikum”. Systematic review ini menggunakan 10 artikel yang sesuai dengan kriteria inklusi. Hasil review mencakup metode pemberian pendidikan, durasi dan tindak lanjut, tim yang terlibat, dan efektivitas intervensi pendidikan. Sasaran pemberian intervensi pendidikan adalah individu, keluarga dan kelompok. Metode pemberian edukasi adalah tatap muka di klinik, rumah sakit, maupun di rumah, melalui telepon dan melalui aplikasi Android. Intervensi pendidikan perawatan kaki secara efektif meningkatkan pengetahuan perawatan kaki, efikasi diri perawatan kaki, perilaku perawatan kaki, kontrol glikemik, mengurangi masalah kulit dan kuku, memperbaiki kaki diabetik, menurunkan kejadian DFU, dan meningkatkan kualitas hidup kejadian ulkus/amputasi cenderung tidak mengidentifikasi perbaikan klinis yang signifikan. Selanjutnya disimpulkan bahwa pendidikan perawatan kaki kepada individu, keluarga dan kelompok dengan berbagai metode dapat meningkatkan pengetahuan dan kemanjuran perawatan kaki, menurunkan kejadian cedera kaki, meningkatkan kontrol glikemik dan meningkatkan tekanan darah, meningkatkan sensitivitas kaki dan meningkatkan kualitas hidup.

Kata kunci: ulkus diabetikum; perawatan kaki; edukasi