Development of a Low-cost Simulator ORISIM (ORIF and OREF Simulator) as a Wound Care Learning Medium

Abstract

ABSTRACT

Postoperative fracture wound care using Open Reduction Internal Fixation (ORIF) and Open Reduction External Fixation (OREF) methods is an important competency in medical–surgical nursing. However, the limited availability of simulators that represent ORIF and OREF wound conditions poses a challenge in clinical skills learning for students. This study aimed to develop and evaluate the feasibility of ORISIM (ORIF and OREF Simulator) as a low-cost wound care learning medium. This study employed a Research and Development (R&D) design encompassing the stages of needs identification, prototype design and construction, expert validation, product revision, and pilot testing. Validation was conducted by three expert and pilot testing involved 20 nursing students. Student evaluation used a modified version of the Michigan Standard Simulation Experience Scale (MiSSES). Quantitative data were analyzed descriptively, while qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Quantitative results showed that ORISIM has potential in improving students’ self-efficacy, with mean scores of 4.1 for competence, 4.2 for confidence, and 4.2 for the ability to perform wound care independently. Educational value was rated highly, particularly in ease of use (4.4), cognitive skill development (4.1), and support for psychomotor skills (4.2). Simulation realism demonstrated moderate to high scores, with anatomical correctness rated at 4.1, anatomical accuracy at 3.8, and simulator durability at 4.4. Qualitative analysis identified three main themes: wound realism, material characteristics, and educational value and ease of use. ORISIM provided a learning experience that supported improvements in self-efficacy and procedural skills. Further development is required to enhance anatomical realism and to test its effectiveness through an experimental research design.

Keywords: Simulator; ORIF; OREF; Wound care; Nursing.